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Countries such as Thailand and Uruguay have refreshed their labels three or four times in the past five years

Another study using an air-liquid interface (ALI) to assess the cytotoxic effects on human bronchial epithelial cells, showed that IQOS exposure induced higher cytotoxicity (reduced metabolic activity) than e-cigarettes or air controls but lower than combustible cigarettes 22

The relationship between smoking and cardiovascular disease is well documented, as is the association of smoking with increased levels of inflammatory markers and accelerated atherosclerosis

The risk of respiratory infections decreases, and the lungs continue to repair and regenerate

We present a systematic review critically appraising and summarising the current body of evidence of the relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and environmental risk factors in PD to inform future research in this area