David Tom Cooke, MD, professor and chief, division of general thoracic surgery, University of California, Davis Health, and volunteer spokesperson, American Lung Association, Chicago
Frank Baum did not invent the ruby slippers
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While prior studies have examined smoking as a risk factor in MS and others have described features of immunosenescence, which is the gradual remodeling of the immune system that occurs with aging, in the disease, these domains are often considered separately ( 2 Immunosenescence: definitions and mechanisms Immunosenescence is characterized by loss of nave lymphocytes, expansion of highly differentiated or senescent T-cell subsets, and reduced capacity to respond to new antigens ( The intersection of smoking, immunosenescence, and MS may be particularly relevant to understanding disease progression