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Smoking is a significant risk factor for developing kidney cancer
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To identify relevant studies for this review, a systematic literature search was conducted using keywords including combinations of terms related to tobacco, cigarette, e-cigarette, vaping, oral health, periodontitis, health disparities, social determinants, and smoking cessation. Inclusion criteria were: original research, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses published in English from 2000 onward, focusing on tobacco exposure and oral or systemic health outcomes, with attention to social determinants or population disparities
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