10 Textbook of pediatric emergency procedures (2nd ed.)
Although we should expect anxiety producing bumps along the road, each passing day beyond physical withdrawal will bring fewer and fewer thoughts of wanting to use
Smoking and Female Reproductive Function The impact of smoking on reproductive health extends to women as well
The code is often a mix of letters and numbers, but it can usually be decoded with a quick online search or by asking staff at your Tobacco Store Tulsa
Gender and diversity In addition, relatively few studies of women smokers have explored the ways in which gender intersects with other dimensions of diversity including age, disadvantage, religion, SES, occupation and race/ethnicity to create conditions and complexities that increase the risk of tobacco use and/or SHS exposure.44 45 Some research in HICs has used quantitative and qualitative methods to undertake nuanced and sophisticated analyses which explore tobacco use and exposure in the context of the diversity of girls' and women's lives, circumstances and experiences.44 4648 These approaches have shown how women's risks of becoming and remaining smokers relate to gendered and disadvantaged life trajectories and biographies that often include early pregnancy, lone motherhood, deprivation and violence.44 49 In addition, women with the least success in quitting often live in environments where smoking is normative and there is little support for quitting.47 Smoking initiation studies have found that the meanings that young people attach to smoking are gendered and smoking may act as a marker of gender and identity.5052 Gender differences have been found in HICs with regard to the perceived value of smoking in relation to, among other factors, affect control, creating and maintaining social relationships, body image, weight control, enhancing social identity and status (social capital), and as self-medication.44 4648 53 54 Some studies have also found that women have greater difficulty quitting compared to men.55 Although the mechanisms are not well understood, they are probably related to biological and psychosocial aspects of addiction and dependence.56 57 Several studies have found that nicotine replacement therapy is less effective in women than men.5860 Non-nicotine cues to smoke appear to be more important for women than for men, and smoking has a perceived functional value in the lives of low-income single mothers, who use smoking to cope and provide care in disadvantaged circumstances, making cessation more difficult.48 61 A narrow focus on HICs Most studies have been carried out in HICs where the patterns and trajectories of girls' and women's tobacco use and SHS exposure differ from those in LMICs
