maternal tobacco use during pregnancy Smoking Linked to Severe Neonatal Issues How Smoking Impacts Your Pregnancy

E cigarette vapour contains ultrafine particles and other substances, which can reach into the lungs and may have different health implications compared to traditional cigarette smoke, though the consensus from public health bodies like Public Health England and Cancer Research UK are that E-Cigarettes are at least 95% less harmful than smoking

They may need to stop using substances, but they continue to use them

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Environ Sci Technol 55(20):1421514224 Lim D, Jeong J, Song KS, Sung JH, Oh SM, Choi J (2021) Inhalation toxicity of polystyrene micro(nano)plastics using modified OECD TG 412

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