Unlike GSH, vitamin C is obtained from the diet and can be regenerated by GSH and NADPH 124
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[9] identified 18 free essential amino acids, reporting total free essential amino acid contents of 19.43 mg/100 g in fresh garlic and 14.86 mg/100 g in black garlic
Here, we used the US Department of Veterans Affairs databases to build a cohort of people with diabetes who initiated GLP-1RA ( n = 215,970) and compared them to those who initiated sulfonylureas ( n = 159,465), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors ( n = 117,989) or sodiumglucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors ( n = 258,614), a control group composed of an equal proportion of individuals initiating sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors ( n = 536,068), and a control group of 1,203,097 individuals who continued use of non-GLP-1RA antihyperglycemics (usual care)
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1704083 Received 12 September 2025 Revised 16 December 2025 Accepted 18 December 2025 Published 21 January 2026 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Chen Ling, Fudan University, China Reviewed by Wentao Jia, Changhai Hospital, China Jie Cheng, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, China Updates Copyright 2026 Li, Zhang, Li and Zheng
