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Long-term metformin use (the first-line type 2 diabetes drug) can lower B12 in a dose- and duration-dependent way: in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (Aroda and colleagues, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 2016, roughly 1,700 participants), low B12 at 5 years occurred in 4.3 percent of metformin users versus 2.3 percent on placebo, and the gap widened with continued use
It is also useful in detecting tumors and metastases, as it looks like BPC 157 could play a significant role there
As with dietary supplements, not all vitamin B12 shots are the same
REDEFINE 1, in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, reported 22.7% mean weight loss for the combination at 68 weeks on the on-treatment analysis, with 60% of combination participants reaching at least 20% loss and 23% reaching at least 30% (Aronne et al., 2025)
What B12 deficiency does NOT cause: Male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) this is DHT-driven Female pattern thinning (Ludwig-type) also androgen-driven Patchy loss (alopecia areata) autoimmune origin Receding hairline typically androgenetic Treating B12 deficiency will not reverse pattern hair loss
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