As is shown in Figure 2, when insulin binds to IR anchored on the surface of the PDA cell, insulin activates the PI3K-AKT signal pathway to upregulate the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) receptor through the crosstalk with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) (Shen et al., 2019)
FIGURE 8 4 Discussion Research indicates that CGA is generally safe for humans, with complex absorption and metabolism involving the gastrointestinal tract and liver ( 4 )-induced fibrosis (Yao et al., 2025
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 8.Yan P., Huang R., Hu P., Liu F., Zhu X., Hu P., Yin H., Zhang J., Meng T., Huang Z
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