Astrocytes take up glucose via GLUT1 and metabolize it via glycolysis, generating lactate through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
The resulting limited experience with this condition means that dermatologists are reticent about performing biopsies because of concerns that these may cause nail dystrophy.16 Often, this leads to partial or inadequate biopsies that may be insufficient to obtain a reliable histologic diagnosis.3,68 For the same reason, pathologists encounter problems in the interpretation of nail biopsies.8,9 In addition to the low number of such biopsies, pathologists are faced with inappropriate specimens due to the way the biopsy was performed (for example, because the matrix in a melanocytic lesion was not included or because of the transverse instead of longitudinal orientation of the biopsy) as well as incorrect specimen processing.7,10 The histological preparation obtained from a nail biopsy, whose consistency requires special processing techniques, therefore often includes retraction artefacts or the preparation is incorrectly oriented.2,10,11 To make matters worse, the nail is a site with its own particularities and the density and distribution of melanocytes differ from those in the rest of the skin.79,11,12 Nevertheless, it is possible to perform suitable biopsies of melanocytic nail lesions causing only very limited permanent damage, using relatively simple techniques.1,4,6,11 On the other hand, although histological interpretation of these lesions is not easy, a suitable biopsy and appropriate specimen processing and orientation, as well as awareness of the specific characteristics of nail melanocytes, can be of help.4,7,9,13 The present article aims to analyze the clinical and histological characteristics of melanocytic lesions of the nail and offer a diagnostic algorithm for pigmented lesions of the nail apparatus
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1398059 Received 08 March 2024 Accepted 12 April 2024 Published 29 April 2024 Volume 11 - 2024 Edited by Jorge Carriel Mancilla, Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador Reviewed by Ludwig Roberto lvarez Crdova, Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador Janeth Castano Jimenez, Indiana University Bloomington, United States Raffaele Carraro, La Princesa University Hospital, Spain Updates Copyright 2024 Tamayo-Trujillo, Ruiz-Pozo, Cadena-Ullauri, Guevara-Ramrez, Paz-Cruz, Zambrano-Villacres, Simancas-Racines and Zambrano
GLP-1 receptor agonists including semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) are FDA-approved medications used to support weight loss goals in eligible patients
Are Piper and Gala FDA-approved
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