Summary Keywords endocrinology, growth hormone secretagogues, IGF-1 analogues, off-label use, peptide hormones, performance-enhancing drugs, sports doping Citation Dominikowski A, Rko Z, Olejarz M, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Domin R and Ruchaa M (2026) The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration
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More recently, two recombinant apoA-I products MDCO-216 and CER001 showed no benefit in imaging studies (739,740)
Confusion with Growth Hormone and Secretagogues Growth hormone: Acts systemically Alters IGF-1 signaling Can downregulate receptors over time Growth hormone secretagogues: Stimulate pituitary GH release Rely on receptor activation Can lose effectiveness if overstimulated AOD-9604 does neither
Some compounded preparations have instead used salt forms of the molecule semaglutide sodium or semaglutide acetate