After consumption of the test meal, blood glucose concentrations were measured in capillary whole blood obtained by finger prick and measured using Kiptrack blood glucose monitor (MedNet GmbH Borkstrae 10, 48,163 Mnster, Germany) in the fasted state (time 0), after 15 min of complete ingestion of the snack then at 30 min interval for 2 h (30, 60, 90, 120 min)
The lymphatic system then returns this fluid to the circulatory system through the subclavian veins near the heart, helping maintain fluid balance
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Redox regulation of immunity and the role of small molecular weight thiols
The peptides hormonal relevance remains theoretical and based on its effects on upstream factors (inflammation, vascular health, gut integrity) rather than direct HPG axis stimulation