-cell apoptosis is mediated by a series of cascade mechanisms of the cysteine protease family, and current studies on hyperglycemia-induced -cell apoptosis have focused on the balance between the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bad, Bid, Bik, and Bax) and the anti-apoptotic Bcl family (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl) (Tomita, 2016), and apoptosis occurs only when the concentration of the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 on the mitochondrial membrane of the intrinsic pathway exceeds the concentration of the anti-apoptotic protein
Berberine induces AMPK by promoting phosphorylation of Thr172 on the subunit of AMPK [8890], as well as by elevating the ratio of cellular AMP/ATP through suppressing the generation of the mitochondrial ATP [91, 92]
Cell Metab 11(6):543553 Michos ED, Lopez-Jimenez F, Gulati M (2023) Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in achieving weight loss and improving cardiovascular outcomes in people with overweight and obesity
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