Even when covered for type 2 diabetes, insurers may require proof that cheaper alternatives (e.g., metformin) didnt work first
Although biopsy is a helpful and necessary aid in the diagnosis of focally pigmented lesions, with diffuse presentations lesions require a thorough history and laboratory studies to establish a definitive diagnosis
However, DPP-4 inhibitors have not reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, possibly because potentiation of SDF-1 enhances plaque growth and instability, activates deleterious neurohormonal mechanisms, and promotes cardiac inflammation and fibrosis
With its dual mechanism of action, it mimics natural incretin hormones to regulate blood sugar levels and reduce food intake, providing a comprehensive approach to managing these chronic conditions
Kiwon Ban, et al.Endocrinology.2010 Apr;151(4):1520-31 11