An inclusion criterion for the trial was elevated body burden of one or more toxic elements, determined using chelation challenge testing
Migration and adhesion processes
Liver cells contain the highest amounts of glutathione than any other cells in the body, helping the liver to neutralize toxins before they can cause damage
The intrinsic pathway involves mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic factors (apoptogens), such as cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), from the intermembrane space and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL) that prevent the apoptosis-associated release of apoptogens (277, 319)
Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages accumulating in thyroid tissue secrete hepcidin and ferritin, altering iron homeostasis and increasing oxidative stress, which in turn promotes thyroid follicular cell ferroptosis (182)