Whole-Blood Glutathione Increased in both groups: Transdermal: 9% (977 275 to 1,075 336 mol/L) Oral: 12% (984 371 to 1,106 317 mol/L) Neither change reached statistical significance (NS)
Unlike anabolic steroids that bind to androgen receptors, IGF-1 LR3 exerts its effects through cellular growth pathways, stimulating muscle cell proliferation, increasing protein synthesis, and encouraging nutrient partitioning
10.1038/S41598-023-42758-Y [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Sies H, Jones DP (2020) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents
Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrated its ability to activate hypothalamic neurons and increase sexual arousal
It is involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines and in keratinocyte proliferation, the excessive skin cell turnover that creates psoriatic plaques