It upregulates genes involved in collagen synthesis (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A1), extracellular matrix remodeling (decorin, fibromodulin), and antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) while simultaneously suppressing genes associated with inflammation (IL-6, TNF-alpha), fibrinogen production, and tissue destruction (several MMPs)
Last updated July 22, 2026
If the powder does not dissolve after 5 minutes of gentle rolling, the vial may have been improperly stored before reconstitution
For eczema applications specifically, prioritize vendors that provide batch-specific certificates of analysis, maintain proper cold chain shipping, and use pharmaceutical-grade synthesis processes
Normal ranges are 500-900 pg/mL