The mechanisms through which probiotics exert their effects are multifaceted, encompassing optimization of gut microbiota composition, enhancement of beneficial bacterial populations, protection of the intestinal barrier, inhibition of pathogen invasion to prevent endotoxemia, reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of immune responses, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and augmentation of the production of beneficial metabolites ( Prominent examples of probiotic supplements include the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
By 2030, as many as one in four Americans may have tried them
These reductions were significant with or without excluding outlier datasets
Human clinical trials for BPC-157 have not been conducted as of 2026
To approximate this target trial using observational data, we implemented a new-user, intention-to-treat, active-comparator cohort design, which is widely recommended for emulating randomized trials in real-world settings
