doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018 277
Glutamic acid often is used as a food additive and flavor enhancer in the form of its sodium salt, known as monosodium glutamate (MSG)
[23] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al
These multimers promote vascular intima injury, which increases endothelial permeability, monocyte adhesion, and macrophage accumulation, leading to plaque development ( The polyol pathway consumes up to 30% of intracellular glucose under hyperglycemic conditions, with aldose reductase converting glucose to sorbitol in an NADPH-dependent reaction that depletes this critical cofactor required for glutathione reductase activity (Gupta, 2024)
Disturbances in this balance can be observed in various pathological situations, such as undernutrition, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory failure, diabetes, hemodialysis