Simultaneously, the proportion of pro-inflammatory species ( Ruminococcus gnavus , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Prevotella copri ) increases, enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and reducing SCFA production along with tryptophan-derived immunomodulatory metabolites, thereby promoting insulin resistance ( Functional features of the microbiota also play a key role
Funding This work was funded by the Yunnan University Undergraduate Innovation Fund, S202410673138, Yunnan University Medical Research Foundation Department of Radiology, YDYXJJ20250024, Yunnan University Graduate Research Innovation Fund, KC-252512222
The mechanism isn't fully mapped, but it likely involves circadian modulation of vagal afferent sensitivity
Intranasal delivery devices Intranasal delivery devices can be categorised according to dosage form ( e.g
is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (201709FDN-CEBA-116200 to G.R.S.), Diabetes Canada (DI-5-17-5302-GS), a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair and a J