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In optic nerve, retrograde signaling from retina to ganglion cell bodies coordinates cellular responses to axonal stress or damage
In general, large hypertrophic adipocytes are considered metabolically unfavorable and are associated with various pathophysiological conditions
As mentioned previously, mast cells and keratinocytes can induce vascularization through the increment in VEGF secretion, enhanced TGF- and FGF-2, thus can create more, larger, and highly dilated vessels which are considered important targets in melasma treatment (Kim et al., 2005
(PubMed) Polireddy K, Dong R, Reed G, et al