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Vitamin B12 serves as a crucial coenzyme in various chemical processes, including hydrogenation, dimerization, and dehalogenation

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There is also ongoing investigation into whether GIP co-agonism modulates the nausea and gastrointestinal signalling associated with GLP-1 activation alone

238 The typical dose of valerian is about 300600 mg, 30 to 120 minutes before going to sleep

Finally, it is crucial to explore the key enzymes involved in CAT production by gut microbiota metabolism and their regulatory factors, evaluate the therapeutic potential of engineered probiotics (e.g., CAT-synthesizing strains) or exogenous CAT delivery systems (e.g., cartilage-targeted nanocarriers) for OA, and provide multi-level evidence for CAT-targeted OA therapy based on the gut-joint axis