It is expressed by endothelial cells, stromal cells, osteoblasts in the bone marrow, and tumor cells [80]
Production of these reactive oxygen species is known to occur as a result of a few different mechanisms: 1) mitochondrial origin in which free radicals either escape scavenging enzymes or develop due to an error in oxidative processes, 2) inside the capillary endothelium where a hypoxic and reoxygenation process is created during intense exercise as well as during various types of cardiovascular disease, and 3) an oxidative burst from inflammatory cells which are commonly mobilized as a result of the muscle or tissue damage which is well-documented with extended or eccentric-based exercise[1]
According to mounting research, insulin resistance may impair cognitive functioning by resulting in mitochondrial malfunction, changes in synaptic plasticity, development of A plaques, hyperphosphorylation of Tau, among other things (Novak et al., 2014
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Statistical analysis performed using the Wilcoxon test