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Glossary 4-HNE 4-hydroxynonenal Akt Protein kinase AMD Age-related macular degeneration ARE antioxidant response elements ATP Adenosine triphosphate Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma-2 BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor DR Diabetes retinopathy ERK1/2 Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 GPX4 Glutathione peroxidase 4 GSH Glutathione HO-1 Heme oxygenase 1 ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 IL-1 Interleukin-1 IL-12 Interleukin-12 IL-1 Interleukin-1 beta IL-6 Interleukin-6 IB Inhibitor of NF-B JAK Janus kinase KEAP1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LBP Lycium barbarum polysaccharides MDA Malondialdehyde MMP-9 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 MnSOD Manganese superoxide dismutase mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin NF-B Nuclear factor kappa-B NGF Nerve growth factor NRF2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PIP2 Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PIP3 Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate ROS Reactive oxygen species RP Retinitis pigmentosa RPE Retinal pigment epithelial SOD Superoxide dismutase STAT Signal transducer and activator of transcription TCM Traditional Chinese medicine TNF- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TrxR1 Thioredoxin reductase 1 ULK1/2 Unc-51 like kinase 1/2 References 1 AdemowoO

Oliver SG Life with 6000 Genes

Available at: Accessed 12 Apr 2026

Taking massive doses of a poorly absorbed supplement is less effective than taking a moderate dose of a highly bioavailable liposomal supplement

Silymarin is extracted from the seeds and fruit of milk thistle ( Silybum marianum ), a plant rich in the flavonolignans silychristin, silydianin, and silybin, which are collectively known as the silymarin complex (Kohno 2002