paratuberculosis (MAP), primarily invades the distal ileum via M cells, persists in macrophages through intracellular immune evasion, and results in granuloma formation, villus atrophy, mucosal thickening, and barrier dysfunction, ultimately leading to chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and reduced milk production 1,77,78
Unlike oral supplements, which require daily use and may result in inconsistent absorption, injections deliver a high concentration of the vitamin directly into your bloodstream, allowing for longer-lasting benefits and fewer treatments
This means, those with plant based diets, such as vegans, are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency if they dont eat the right foods
In women, low B12 often shows up as chronic fatigue, mood swings, brittle nails, and hair changes
This does not completely negate the peptide, but it reduces efficiency