Agents Linaclotide [5] Peptide agonist of guanylate cyclase-C Increases intestinal secretion of bicarbonate, chloride, and fluid, which improves fecal transit Lubiprostone [5] Prostaglandin derivative that activates chloride channels on the apical surfaces of enterocytes Increases intestinal fluid secretion and improves fecal transit Plecanatide [22] A guanylate cyclase-C agonist Increases intestinal secretion of bicarbonate, chloride, and fluid, which improves fecal transit Adverse effects Special patient groups Constipation in infants, children, and adolescents is detailed separately
GLP-1 RAs such as exenatide and liraglutide modulate signaling pathways to reduce oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis [62, 63] (Fig
10x CJC-1295 (Choose option)
and pheomelanosomes are spherical, characterized by granular deposition of the melanin [4]
We work with most major insurance providers to make quality healthcare accessible