At the renal level, these toxins induce direct cytotoxicity (mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, epigenetic alterations), endothelial dysfunction (via VCAM1, ICAM1, tissue factor), and activation of both innate (macrophages, ILC3s) and adaptive (Th1/Th17/Treg dysregulation, Bcell modulation) immune responses
Multiple meta-analyses have shown that creatine supplementation during resistance training augments lean tissue mass by 0.9-1.3 kg compared to placebo and this effect is seen even more prominently in older adults and in people engaged in calorie-restricted protocols
doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.101964 44 Hultberg, B., Andersson, A., Masson, P., Larson, M
GLP-1 therapy may support weight loss, visceral fat reduction, insulin sensitivity, and cardiometabolic improvement
The medication slows gastric emptying and commonly causes nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, which may complicate Crohn's disease management