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10.7759/cureus.56562 175
Semin Oncol
Long-term studies show no adverse effects on kidney function in healthy individuals 8
It is now considered to be an active osteogenic process of vascular cells (mainly VSMCs), similar to osteoblast formation, and is defined by the stages of osteogenic differentiation, matrix maturation, and matrix mineralization ( in vitro study found that TMAO can also upregulate the NF-B signaling pathway to promote adipogenic differentiation and inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) ( Another study found that in the aorta of fish protein-fed mice, the atherosclerotic plaque area and degree of calcification were significantly higher than that of casein- or-soy protein-fed mice, but there were no significant changes in lipid-related content
KD is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that induces a metabolic state of ketosis, leading to reduced glucose availability and increased ketone body (KB) production ( Similarly, FMD involves periodic cycles of low-calorie, low-protein, and low-carbohydrate intake, mimicking the effects of fasting while providing essential nutrients ( Recent studies have also highlighted the role of diet in modulating the gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in immune regulation and cancer progression ( Despite promising findings, the integration of KD and FMD into standard oncological care remains limited
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