Key Points ED is a prevalent complication of diabetes, affecting up to 75% of all diabetic men, and is responsible for a decreased quality of life for these patients Diabetic ED has a multifactorial aetiology, although cavernosal endothelial dysfunction is currently recognized as a hallmark of the disease pathophysiology Diabetes-induced hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress increase are responsible for the loss of endothelial cell functionality and integrity Diabetic systemic and cavernosal endothelial dysfunction is maintained owing to the detrimental effects of diabetes on the vascular repair mechanisms of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis Improvements in endothelial health and amelioration of ED might be achieved by tight glycaemic control and treatment with PDE5Is and testosterone supplementation Understanding the molecular pathways involved in endothelial dysfunction will aid in the identification of novel therapeutic strategies to improve endothelial and erectile function in diabetic men Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of diabetes, affecting up to 75% of all diabetic men
The standard protocol involves 1000 mcg of B12 given intramuscularly once per week for four weeks before decreasing to once per month (6)
Detection of mitochondrial superoxide with MitoSOX The production of superoxide in mitochondria was visualized with MitoSOX Red (Life Technologies)
For example, higher levels of homocysteine mean that certain proteins important in cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases can end up with a homocysteine attached or incorporated into them.[ref] The process of post-translational protein modification happens all the time and in a number of different ways, including the addition of other amino acids, sugar molecules, or fatty acids
Cao H, Yu D, Yan X, Wang B, Yu Z, Song Y, et al
