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Subsequently, the nail plate is replaced and the incision in the fold is closed by direct approximation.6,21,25,32 This shave biopsy allows complete inclusion of the matrix when broad bands of melanonychia are present and has a low risk of permanent nail dystrophy.4,5,6,7,21,32,33 Although all these techniques undeniably have a role to play, most authors consider that longitudinal excision biopsy (or incision biopsy in the case of broad lesions) is the technique of choice for histological study of the nail apparatus.7,16,17,20,21,31 Longitudinal biopsies offer the best anatomical correlation and allow study of the distribution of the lesion within the global architecture of the nail apparatus, thereby facilitating analysis.16,21,31,34 In general, longitudinal excision biopsy is considered the technique of choice for study of fine longitudinal melanonychias and those at a lateral site, with the result of a narrower nail but with a low risk of permanent dystrophy.7,11,14,16,21,31 However, when the melanonychia is located in the central area of the nail plate, there is less consensus and many authors prefer one of the other techniques described above, given that permanent dystrophy in the central area of the nail would generate permanent indentation.4,7,11,14,16,21,31 In our experience, longitudinal biopsy can be used safely, even in centrally located bands of melanonychia (Fig
The biologic effects of IGFs signaling on cancer Once activated by the ligands, IGF-IR and InsR may initiate diverse signaling pathways to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, metabolism, migration, and stemness (Fig
