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Mechanistically, lactate increases the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppresses the phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase 1 (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to prompt the apoptosis of DA neurons in PD [75] (Fig

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The model selection was based on goodness-of-fit criteria, which included the convergence criterion, the Akaike information criterion, the estimation criterion value for the maximum likelihood method, and the visual inspection of predicted versus observed and residual plots

Effects of synbiotic supplement on human gut microbiota, body composition and weight loss in obesity