For in vitro experiments, DZN was toxic to GC-1 spermatogonia and TM4 and TM3 cells derived from mouse testes
GSH activity is facilitated by activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 that regulates expression of genes controlling antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses
*Correspondence: Fangfang Zhou, [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work This article was submitted to Molecular Innate Immunity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
These consolidated sections reduce redundancy and clarify the interrelationship between oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis while preserving mechanistic depth and scientific accuracy
Is the Program Covered by Insurance
