Bloch MH, McGuire J, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Pittenger C
Growth Factor Signaling BPC-157 appears to upregulate growth hormone receptor expression in fibroblasts and modulate multiple growth factor pathways including EGF, FGF, and VEGF (Sikiric et al., 2018)
5 A, B and C, respectively)
Toxic solvent residues DMF (dimethylformamide) Known liver toxin Associated with reproductive toxicity Must be removed to extremely low limits in GMP drugs DCM (dichloromethane / methylene chloride) Probable human carcinogen Central nervous system depressant Dangerous even in small amounts if injected TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) Corrosive Can remain in peptides as unmeasured TFA salt Pharmaceutical products often convert TFA salts to safer counterions Without validated HPLC, mass spectrometry, and residual solvent testing, patients may be injected with harmful chemical contaminants
Another possibility is that global cellular or tissue measurements, while a useful indicator of redox perturbation, do not precisely reflect GSH:GSSG ratios in certain intracellular compartments, and there is accumulating evidence that this is indeed the case
