Further accumulation of uremic toxins, which leads to uremic syndrome, can, among others, cause neurotoxicity, disruption in the BBB integrity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and disturbance of brain neurotransmitter amino acids balance (Hamed, 2019)
Apoptosis/necroptosis inhibitors Pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK block caspase-3/9, while RIPK3 inhibitors suppress necroptosis, reducing hepatocyte loss in animal models [40, 45]
We measured phase I and II cytochrome P450 enzymes, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, cytokines including Il6 , and pSTAT3 by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR, colorimetric, immunohistochemistry analyses and Western blotting
To a lesser extent, it is present in the kidneys, biliary tract epithelium, intestine, pancreas, brain, heart, and spleen
& Kowaltowski, A