dpp4 vs sglt2 vs glp-1 receptor agonist versus DPP-4 inhibitor and kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in clinical practice in type-2 diabetes European Society of Cardiology/Heart Failure

Circ Heart Fail 2013;6:395-402.PubMed 47

Even coffee counts

Some hunger is necessary for survival Your dose, meal timing, food choices, sleep quality, and stress levels all affect how hungry you feel on the medication Emotional eating habits may persist even when physical hunger signals are reduced Working with a registered dietitian can help balance hunger and nutrition on semaglutide You started taking semaglutide (Ozempic or Wegovy) with high hopes

These medications have been game changers in both obesity and diabetes management

Abbreviations 5-HIAA: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-HT: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) BBB: Bloodbrain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRP: C-reactive protein DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 GABA: Gamma aminobutyric acid GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R: Glucagon-like-1 peptide receptor GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like-1 peptide receptor agonist HPA: Hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis Icv : Intracerebroventricular Ip : Intraperitoneal IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-6: Interleukin-6 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NTS: Nucleus tractus solitarius PKA: Protein kinase A PPG: Preproglucagon PVN: Paraventricular nucleus SCFA: Short chain fatty acid T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha VTA: Ventral tegmental area References Wang PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Borges G, Bromet EJ, et al