A 2026 review published in Andrology consolidated the mechanistic evidence: kisspeptin modulation of GnRH pulsatility represents a testable biomarker pathway for differentiating PMOS from functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and potentially for targeted therapeutic intervention
However, these intervals often lack broad applicability due to small sample sizes and insufficient stratification by gender and/or age
Additionally, expression levels of sperm functionrelated genes, including CATSPER1, SPAG5, and HSPA4, were significantly elevated in the PRP-treated group
The researchers used two standard laboratory tests
These growth factors are low-molecular-weight proteins present in nearly all tissues, where they regulate cell division, growth, and migration