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Usually, endothelial dysfunctions develop in the acute phase of the disease and were responsible for atherosclerosis

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Glossary AD Alzheimers disease AGBL4 ATP/GTP binding protein-like 4 AGEs advanced glycation end products AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase APOE 4 Apolipoprotein 4 APP/PS1 amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 APP amyloid precursor protein A -amyloid BACE-1 -site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 BBB bloodbrain barrier Bcl2 B-cell lymphoma 2 BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor BIR brain insulin resistance CDK5 cyclin-dependent kinase 5 CI cognitive impairment cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CREB cAMP-response element binding protein DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase IV DPP4-i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors DSST Digit Symbol Substitution Test Ex-4 Exendin-4 fNIRS functional near-infrared spectroscopy GAP-43 growth-associated protein-43 GIP gastric inhibitory polypeptide GIPR GIP receptor GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor GLP-1RA GLP-1 receptor agonist GLUT1 glucose transporter 1 GLUT3 glucose transporter 3 GLUT4 glucose transporter 4 GSK-3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta H2O2 hydrogen peroxide HbA1c glycated haemoglobin HRs hazard ratios ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule 1 IDE insulin-degrading enzyme IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF2 insulin-like growth factor 2 IL-1 interleukin-1 IRS-1 insulin receptor substrate-1 JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase L-LTP late-phase long-term potentiation LTP long-term potentiation MAP2 microtubule-associated protein-2 MAPKs mitogen-activated protein kinases MCI mild cognitive impairment MCP-1 macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 MIP-1 macrophage inflammatory protein-1 MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment MRI magnetic resonance imaging NC normal cognitive function NFTs neurofibrillary tangles NLRP2 NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pAkt phosphorylated protein kinase B PET positron emission tomography PGC-1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PI3K/Akt phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B PIB Pittsburgh compound B PKA protein kinase A PSD95 postsynaptic density protein 95 RAGEs receptors for advanced glycation end products ROS reactive oxygen species SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line SIRT1 sirtuin 1 SOD superoxide dismutase SORBS1 Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 STZ streptozotocin T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus TNF- tumor necrosis factor- TRZ Tirzepatide VaD vascular dementia VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 References 1 International DIabetes Federation (IDF)