Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 140: 111556
This occurs through the activation of Kupffer cells via the Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 )/ NF-B signaling pathway, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1 Beta ( IL-1) and TNF- 7,8
Melasma : This is a complex and stubborn type of pigmentation that is a result of hormonal dysregulation and sun exposure
United States Patent US8268372 (B2) Orumets K, Kevvai K, Nisamedtinov I, Tamm T, Paalme T (2012) YAP1 over-expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhances glutathione accumulation at its biosynthesis and substrate availability levels
The deposition of A increases oxidative stress 33,34,35 , and the existence of an extra copy of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) causes the overproduction of H 2 O 2