Molecular pathways documented in preclinical research include: (1) activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis via L-arginine/eNOS pathway, (2) transcriptional upregulation of VEGF-A and FGF-2 favouring angiogenesis, (3) modulation of the Egr-1 early transcription factor involved in fibroblast proliferation, (4) interaction with 5-HT2A and dopaminergic receptors in some behavioural models, (5) stabilisation of endothelial function via eNOS modulation and reduction of oxidative stress (8-OH-dG, MDA)
Xiao Y, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W
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Nrf2 is released from the Nrf2Keap1 system and then translocates to the cell nucleus, where it combines with small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (sMAF) proteins to form heterodimers
Mitochondria isolation Functional mitochondria were isolated following the method described in 28