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Limitations The cohort was mostly older men, limiting generalizability

Fetuin-A: a novel link between obesity and related complications

These effects result primarily from the medication's action on GLP-1 receptors throughout the gastrointestinal tract, which influence gut motility and digestive processes

Additional at-risk groups include: Vegans and strict vegetarians , who may have low dietary B12 intake People with autoimmune conditions , including pernicious anaemia or type 1 diabetes Individuals with gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease, which impair nutrient absorption People who have undergone bariatric surgery , which can significantly reduce B12 absorption Long-term users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2-receptor antagonists , which reduce gastric acid and impair B12 release from food Those with a family history of either pernicious anaemia or diabetes For these groups, simultaneous monitoring of B12 status and glycaemic markers is particularly important to avoid diagnostic errors

Meaning lower doses keep their efficacy and avoiding the physiological side effects associated with increasing doses