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Food takes a longer time to empty out of your stomach, and at the same time, your brain is being sent signals that youre full

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Abbreviations MASLD Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease LA Lipoic acid AFLD Alcoholic fatty liver disease HFD High-fat diet MCD Methionine- and choline-deficient diet BBR Berberine LASY LA synthase DH-LA Dihydro LA OGDC Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex PDHC Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex BCKDC Branched-chain -ketoacid dehydrogenase complex -GCL -Glutamylcysteine synthetase NQO-1 NAD[P]H quinone oxidoreductase 1 SOD Superoxide dismutase RNS Reactive nitrogen species NF-B Nuclear factor-kappa B ERK 1/2 Extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 PKC Protein kinase C MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase T2DM Diabetes mellitus type 2 TG Triglycerides HTG Hypertriglyceridemia Fgf21 Fibroblast growth factor-21 Ppar Peroxisome proliferatorsactivated receptor alpha acox1 Acyl coenzyme A oxidase cpt1a and cpt2 Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a and 2 rxra Recombinant retinoid X receptor a abca1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 FAS Fatty acid synthase SREBP1c Pklr1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 Lxra Liver X receptor a AST Aspartate aminotransferase PUFAs Polyunsaturated fatty acids MDA Malondialdehyde ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACLY ATP-citrate lyase -GCS -Glutamyl cysteine synthase GSH Glutathione THRb Thyroid hormone receptor beta HMGB-1 High-mobility group protein box-1 TLR-4 Toll-like receptor-4 VCAM-1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 HMG-CoAr Hepatic cholesterol synthesis enzyme Nrf2 NF-E2-related factor 2 ATGL Adipose triacylglycerol lipase SP1 Specific protein 1 PA Palmitic acid ROS Reactive oxygen species GPx Glutathione peroxidase STZ Streptozotocin SOD Superoxide dismutase GPx Glutathione peroxidase TNF- Tumor necrosis factor alpha IL-6 Interleukin-6 CPT-1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I PPAR Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor FASN Fatty acid synthase IRS Insulin receptor substrates Authors contributions Fangli Liu: Writing original draft, Writing review & editing

Type 2 diabetes is characterised by a relentless decline in pancreatic beta cell function over time