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Somwar, R

Additionally, its central effects extend to reward pathways, reducing cravings and hedonic eating, which contributes significantly to weight loss in individuals with obesity[8]

Similarly, TGR5 activation elevates intracellular cAMP levels, leading to downstream activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), which suppresses NF-B signaling, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and can promote macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype 148

Other reported clinical experience and pharmacokinetic data [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] have not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients

ORAL SEMAGLUTIDE As an alternative approach, non-peptide, small molecule oral GLP-1 receptor agonists offer a promising option