Chronic synaptic insulin resistance after traumatic brain injury abolishes insulin protection from amyloid beta and tau oligomer-induced synaptic dysfunction
The murine model study has proved that quercetin inhibits endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 type A receptors and improves the quality of pregnancy by reducing hypertension resulting from reduced uterine perfusion [235]
However, due to physiological differences between species, future studies should further optimize in vitro and organoid models of DOR to better replicate the human ovarian microenvironment
ALA is often referred to as a universal antioxidant because it can act as an antioxidant in both lipophilic and hydrophilic settings to reduce byproducts of oxidative metabolism, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (Figure 4) [29]
This is particularly relevant for peptides, proteins, and polar drugs that exhibit poor gastrointestinal stability, limited absorption, and low bioavailability (Luo et al., 2024)