Legg M., Stahlman S., Chauhan A., Patel D., Hu Z., Wells N
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Thus, ectopic lipid metabolite concentrations (e.g., diacylglycerols and ceramides) may be mechanistic factors underlying liver and muscle IR
If fatigue , medication tolerance , or persistent GI distress has made pharmaceutical GLP-1 drugs unworkable, a probiotic approach offers a fundamentally different mechanism with a much milder side effect profile
Solid meals enriched with psyllium fiber strongly modified postprandial signals arising from the GI tract, in particular decreasing PYY responses.68 Moreover, it has been observed that oat- and wheat-fiber consumptions result in different postprandial responses of PYY and ghrelin, but interestingly do not differ in satiety effects.69 About the effect of protein on PYY secretion, the response of plasmatic PYY to feeding with cow milk protein solutions in humans are independent of the degree of protein fractionation and are not altered by small differences in the amino acid composition or protein solubility.70 Nutrients and GLP-1 release Carbohydrates are strong stimuli of GLP-1 release consistent with the role of GLP-1 as incretin.71 A study showed no differences in GLP-1 response between different carbohydrates by intraduodenal infusion of glucose and fructose.72 Otherwise, another study showed that oral glucose exerted a bigger effect on GLP-1 release than fructose.73 The type or amount of dietary fiber may elevate, inhibit or not influence GLP-1 responses
