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For all outcomes in the meta-analyses, we conducted a GRADE assessment to assess the quality of evidence

Effects of outdoor artificial light at night on human health and behavior: A literature review

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Vaping can cause teeth stains due to the nicotine and coloring agents that are present

Unlike longitudinal studies where participants attend multiple clinic visits over an extended period of time, participants in this study made a single clinic visit overnight where clinicians analysed their breath, urine and blood to measure BoE and BoH and took other clinical measurements relevant to health