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Senescent mitochondria not only produce more ROS due to inefficient electron transport but also exhibit impaired iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, leading to improper iron handling and accumulation within the mitochondria, thus creating a potent internal source of oxidative stress (106,107)

Effects of aging and macrophages on mice stem Leydig cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro

Identification of CMTM6 and CMTM4 as PD-L1 protein regulators

Infected mice exhibit characteristic anxiety and depressive-like behaviors correlated with reduced antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH) and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation

Western blot analysis of thoracic aorta proteins showed that the classic aging markers P21 and P16 were significantly downregulated following FOXO4-DRI treatment, whereas the expression levels of the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 and Lamin B, a key protein involved in nuclear structural stability, were markedly upregulated (Figure 1A)